Resources

Exercises

• Exercise 1: Debt-to-GDP ratio in other countries.
• Exercise 2: Plotting the dynamics of debt.
• Exercise 3: Using the debt dynamics equation.
• Exercise 4: Causes and consequences of sovereign default.
• Exercise 5: The role of fiscal councils.

Figures

• Figure 1: Gross and net debt as a share of GDP, selected countries, 2020.
• Figure 2: Evolution of the Debt-to-GDP Ratio in the United States (expressed in percentage terms), 1790–2020.
• Figure 3: Interest Expense and Government Debt, 2007–21.
• Figure 4: Real interest rate estimated from inflation linked bonds in high-income economies and United States.
• Figure 5: 700 years of global r-g for the now-advanced (high-income) economies.
• Figure 6: Geometric Representation of the Debt Dynamic Equation.
• Figure 7: Evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio under different assumptions for d, g, and r.
• Figure 8: Debt to GDP ratio in Advanced and Emerging Economies.
• Figure 9: Drivers of the increase of the Debt-to-GDP ratio over 2019–20.
• Figure 10: Public Debt Ratio in Germany, 1910–38.